At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Comprehensive introduction to analysis of continuous and discrete-time signals and systems. Linear time-invariant systems, convolution; Fourier series representations of periodic signals; Continuous ...

Sigma-delta converters are in wide use among applications that demand high precision and accuracy. A variant of the sigma-delta architecture, called the continuous-time sigma delta (CT-S?), has found ...

Researchers demonstrate a novel method for transforming continuous time crystals into discrete ones using subharmonic injection locking, offering new insights into symmetry breaking and control in ...

Physicists have shown that Markov processes, widely used to model complex systems, must unfold over a larger space than previously assumed. Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- ...

to speed up the construction of the discrete-time model by turning to Newton-type methods for solving the Schrödinger system (in the next section, we show numerically that a mixed Newton–Sinkhorn ...