Sometimes engineers invent something before they fully comprehend why it works. To understand the "why," they must often create new tools and techniques in a virtuous cycle that improves the original ...

Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www ...

Pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality control processes are stuck in the past. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) can bring production systems up-to-date and help realize manufacturing efficiency ...