Cells do this by breaking proteins down and recycling them, a process summarily referred to as "protein removal." But this ongoing and vital "dance" of protein making and protein removal takes energy ...

Every cell depends on proteins to function and stay healthy. These proteins are made inside the cell from amino acids but cannot simply accumulate inside the cell forever. Once they have done their ...

Illustration showing the process of a release factor (RF) detecting a stop codon and releasing the newly made peptide chain (right) through a hydrolysis reaction. It’s known as biology’s central dogma ...

Without the protein galectin-3 (left), placental cells remain separate, each with their own nucleus (blue) surrounded by a distinct cell boundary (pink). With galectin-3 (right), cells fuse together ...