A new clinical practice update outlines a stepwise approach to diagnosing and managing refractory constipation before ...

All standard over-the-counter and FDA-approved therapies for constipation should be trialed, followed by trials of off-label prescription agents ...

Surgery for refractory constipation should be a last resort, used only after comprehensive physiologic and psychological ...

Over the past 20 years, the use of opiates and opioids for the management of chronic pain has significantly increased. Approximately 40% to 90% of patients treated with opioids experience ...