Microsoft Excel relies on two fundamental reference types when addressing other cells. Absolute references -- which are denoted with a "$" -- lock a reference, so it will not change when copying the ...

Build more efficient spreadsheets by using the dollar sign to lock specific rows, columns, or permanent addresses when referencing cells.

Cells in Excel are referred to using relative or absolute references. A formula with relative references changes when the cell's position does. If, for example, a cell has a formula "=A1" and you copy ...

An address or pointer that changes when the target item is moved or the relationship to it has changed. For example, in a spreadsheet, a cell with a relative reference changes its formula when copied ...