When evaluating shrinking metal linewidths in advanced semiconductor devices, bulk resistivity is not the sole materials property for deriving electrical resistance. At smaller line dimensions, local ...
Copper’s resistivity depends on its crystal structure, void volume, grain boundaries and material interface mismatch, which becomes more significant at smaller scales. The formation of copper (Cu) ...
Conductivity and resistivity are widely used parameters for water purity analysis, monitoring of reverse osmosis, cleaning procedures, control of chemical processes and in industrial wastewater.
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