For unequal probability sampling designs, design-based variance estimation is cumbersome because it requires second-order inclusion probabilities. For most fixed sample size probability ...

The problem of estimating the variance of the ratio estimator in sampling with probability proportional to aggregate size is investigated. The form of nonnegative unbiased variance estimators is found ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Probability theory constitutes the mathematical framework for quantifying uncertainty and analysing random phenomena. Its foundations lie in measure theory, where a probability space is defined as a ...