Abstract: Outsourcing Decision tree (DT) training and inference to cloud platforms raises privacy concerns. Recent Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC)-based methods are hindered by heavy overhead.

Abstract: Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning technique that enables multiple decentralized clients to develop a model collaboratively without exchanging their local data.

Create realistic trees using simple linework, shading, and crosshatching techniques. Step-by-step guidance shows how to build natural tree shapes, add bark texture, and develop depth from light ...