What if reality is not reality at all, but a simulation so advanced that no one inside it could ever tell the difference? That is the core of simulation theory, one of the most unsettling ideas to ...

New research from UBC Okanagan mathematically demonstrates that the universe cannot be simulated. Using Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, scientists found that reality requires “non-algorithmic ...

Quantum mechanics is both the most powerful theory physicists have ever devised and the most baffling. On the one hand, countless experiments have confirmed its predictions; the theory undergirds ...

What is the self-reinforcement hypothesis? A new theory explains how the mesolimbic dopamine system rewards future-oriented mental time travel.

Stress-strength modeling is a fundamental concept in reliability theory and survival analysis, quantifying the probability that a system’s strength exceeds ...

As the electricity market is progressively liberalized, virtual bidding has emerged as a novel participation mechanism attracting increasing attention. This paper integrates evolutionary game theory ...

Swapping out one AI model on a classified network for another takes minutes. Retraining the people who’ve learned to rely on it will take much longer ...